Phylogeographic patterns of Trans-Amazonian vicariants and Amazonian biogeography: The Neotropical rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus complex) as an example. 1500 plates. Tracing an invasion: landbridges, refugia and the phylogeography of the Neotropical rattlesnake (Serpentes: Viperidae: Wüster W, Ferguson JE, Quijada-Mascareñas JA, Pook CE, Salomão MG, Thorpe RS. Molecular Ecology, 14: 3619-3621. Living Snakes of the World in Color. The Guiana rattlesnake, previously recognized as C. d. dryinus,[3] is now considered a synonym for C. d. durissus. This page was last edited on 5 November 2020, at 16:22. Toxicology and Pharmacology of Venoms from Poisonous Snakes. Céspedes N et al. In the contrary to the venom … https://www.flickr.com/photos/92252798@N07/15457296629/, http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crotalus_durissus. durissus. [8], The diet consists mainly of rodents, possibly due to the greater abundance and availability of these prey throughout the year in areas where this species occurs, lizards of the Teiidae family are also part of the diet of C. La cascabel tropical,víbora de cascabel, cascabel o cascabela (Crotalus durissus) es una especie venenosa de crótalo, distribuida desde México a Sudamérica. [2] In Suriname it is known as Sakasneki. Other serious complications may result from systemic disorders (incoagulable blood and general spontaneous bleeding), hypotension, and shock. "[3], It prefers savanna and semi-arid zones. Myoglobin released into the blood results in dark urine. Crotalus durissus is found in South America except the Andes Mountains. Opth., Vol. In addition, venom from juveniles was faster than adults to produce a neuromuscular blockade. Brown JH. A toxinological study was performed to compare the neuromuscular effect of venom from adult and juvenile specimens from Crotalus durissus cumanensis from Guajira, Colombia. 12 subespecies son reconocidas actualmente, incluyendo la forma típica. [2], Bite symptoms are very different from those of Nearctic species[13] due to the presence of neurotoxins (crotoxin and crotamine) that cause progressive paralysis. [2] The type locality given is "America. 12 subespecies son reconocidas actualmente, incluyendo la forma típica. 1973. Mehrtens JM. 1991. However, its range is discontinuous,[2] with many isolated populations in northern South America, including Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana and northern Brazil. Campbell JA, Lamar WW. [13] Phospholipase A2 neurotoxins also cause damage to skeletal muscles and possibly the heart, causing general aches, pain, and tenderness throughout the body. The bushmaster snake is the longest venomous snake found in the Americas and can be up to 10 feet (3 meters) long. 480 pp. Crotalus durissus cumanensis, a rattlesnake endemic to Colombia and Venezuela, is considered one of the most lethal snake species in Latin America. The most widely distributed member of its genus,[2] this species poses a serious medical problem in many parts of its range. Image credit: Alizada Studios/Shutterstock.com. Quijada-Mascareñas A, JE Ferguson, CE Pook, MG Salomão, RS Thorpe, & W Wüster. [2] Currently, seven subspecies are recognized, including the nominate subspecies described here.[5]. Puedes copiar este taxón en otra guía. (c) Wikipedia, algunos derechos reservados (CC BY-SA). The Colombian rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus cumanensis) is broadly extended across the country. Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca and London. South American Rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus terrificus). Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas. in 2005. The color of the belly varies, it can be white or yellowish, with light gray spots, becoming darker towards the tail. [2] The subspecies previously known as C. d. collilineatus and C. d. cascavella were moved to the synonymy of C. d. terrificus following the publication of a paper by Wüster et al. Die hier vorgestellte Tropische Klapperschlangenart (Crotalus durissus) wird auch als Schreckens (Schauer)-Klapperschlange oder Südamerikanische Klapperschlange bezeichnet. [13] Acute renal failure is considered as the main cause of death. los editores de esta guía se debe copiar todo, pero si no lo eres 184 pp. Es la serpiente más distribuida de su género y es muy venenosa, siendo un grave problema de resolución médica su mordedura. The aim of the present study was to compare the protein content and biological activity of the venom obtained from eight specimens of C. durissus cumanensis, namely two adults from different localities of Colombia and six offspring born in captivity. Sie besitzt sieben Unterarten, die teilweise nur in bestimmten eng begrenzten Regionen vorkommen. The lethal dose for humans is 18 mg, while the venom yield is 100 mg.[16][17][18] A study points out that the rattlesnakes in Roraima, Brazil have two types of venom, with different characteristics of individuals of the same species found in other regions, the two types of venom are known as '' yellow venom '' that attacks the nervous system, causing paralysis, and also kidney and respiratory failure, causes muscle pain and makes urine dark, and the "white venom" is hemorrhagic and causes bleeding.[8]. In the Chaco region of Paraguay, it is found in the drier, sandier areas. Die Tropische Klapperschlange ist die giftigste aller Klapperschlangen. Wissenschaftlicher Name: Crotalus durissus Familie: Vipern Unterfamilie: Grubenottern Gattung: Klapperschlangen Länge: bis 1,80 m Gift: Neurotoxisch. The head has a dark brown bar at the top, with a dark post-orbital band. Nach einem Biss kommt es nur geringfügig zu lokalen Beeinträchtigungen an der Bissstelle. [2] Hemorrhagins may be present in the venom, but any corresponding effects are completely overshadowed by the startling and serious neurotoxic symptoms. The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere. However, its range is discontinuous, with many isolated populations in northern South America, including Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana and northern Brazil. Reptiles del municipio de Galeras - Sucre, Colombia. La cascabel tropical,víbora de cascabel, cascabel o cascabela (Crotalus durissus) es una especie venenosa de crótalo, distribuida desde México a Sudamérica. Biochemical comparison of venoms from young Colombian Crotalus durissus cumanensis and their parents. Journal of Biogeography 34: 1296–1312. Crotalus durissus is a highly venomous pit viper species found in South America. It occurs in Colombia and eastern Brazil to southeastern Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, and northern Argentina (Catamarca, Córdoba, Corrientes, Chaco, Entre Rios, Formosa, La Pampa, La Rioja, Mendoza, Misiones, San Juan, San Luis, Santa Fe, Santiago del Estero and Tucumán). LCCCN 73-229. Esta gran serpiente de cascabel neotropical de cuerpo grueso crece hasta una longitud de 1.5 met… Alvaro ME. Die Schauer-Klapperschlange ist die einzige Klapperschlange, die vor allem in Südamerika vorkommt, und zwar in Mexiko, Kolumbien, Venezuela, Brasilien, Bolivien, Paraguay, Argentinien, Peru und Guyana. 2005. Hay muchas poblaciones separadas en Sudamérica, Colombia, Venezuela(especialmente en Paraguaná), Guyana, Suriname, Guiana, este de Brasil, sudeste de Perú, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, norte y centro de Argentina (Catamarca, Córdoba, Corrientes, Chaco, Entre Ríos, Formosa, La Pam… U.S. Navy. 1987. 870 pp. The color and pattern of the body are quite variable, most with an 18-32 dorsal with a darker diamond, and rhombic spots, 25-33 (usually 27) rows of dorsal scale in the middle of the body. No rattlesnakes in the rainforests: reply to Gosling and Bush. Wüster W, Ferguson JE, Quijada-Mascareñas JA, Pook CE, Salomão MG, Thorpe RS. Coral snakes are identified by their black, red and yellow markings, and some are aquatic. J Venom Anim Toxins incl Trop Dis. Snake Venom in Ophthalmology. In fact, after the previous nominate subspecies for the C. d. durissus complex became the current nominate for Crotalus simus, which now represents its Mexican and Central American members, C. d. dryinus became the new nominate for the South American rattlesnakes as represented by C. The ocular disturbances are sometimes followed by permanent blindness. [2] Bites from C. d. terrificus in particular can result in impaired vision or complete blindness, auditory disorders, ptosis, paralysis of the peripheral muscles, especially of the neck, which becomes so limp as to appear broken, and eventually life-threatening respiratory paralysis. 1939. 22, No. Both venoms exhibited neurotoxic activity in chick biventer cervicis nerve-muscle preparation. [2] It has two distinct stripes starting at the base of the head. [6], The South American rattlesnake has a seasonal reproductive cycle, copulation occurs in the fall and the birth of the young in the summer, with the males competing for the female. [6] In Roraima, Brazil it has been reported that the gestation lasts for 5 months, and they are capable of giving birth to up to 14 puppies. [9], Common names for this species include: South American rattlesnake,[2] tropical rattlesnake,[4] neotropical rattlesnake,[10] Guiana rattlesnake (previously used for C. d. 2005. "Crotalus durissus (Cascabel Rattlesnake, Neotropical Rattlesnake, South American Rattlesnake, Yucatan Rattlesnake)", https://www.acq.osd.mil/eie/afpmb/docs/lhd/venomous_animals_byspecies.pdf, https://bdtd.ibict.br/vufind/Record/USP_44d1b15f186a6cdfe9edd4543831a83d#:~:text=Crotalus%20durissus%20possui%20um%20ciclo%20reprodutivo%20sazonal%20com%20c%C3%B3pula%20ocorrendo,machos%20competem%20por%20f%C3%AAmeas%20receptivas, "Estudo aponta que em Roraima cascavéis têm hábitos noturnos e dois venenos: 'atributos únicos, "Slangen van Suriname - Snakes of South America ( Suriname )", https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5148/tde-10042007-141228/publico/FabiaMariaOliveiraPinho.pdf, "Actions of Crotalus durissus terrificus venom and crotoxin on the isolated rat kidney", "LD50 and venom yields | snakedatabase.org", "Susceptibility of different strains of mice to South American rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus terrificus) venom: Correlation between lethal effect and creatine kinase release", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crotalus_durissus&oldid=987206518, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, South American rattlesnake crotalus durissus terruficus, Coastal savannas of Guyana, French Guyana and Suriname, Known only from Marajo Island, Para State, Brazil, Bolson arido de Lagunillas, Estado Merida, Venezuela, Brazil south of the Amazonian forests, extreme southeastern Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, northern Argentina. This large Neotropical rattlesnake grows to a length of 1.5 m (4.9 ft), and rarely to a maximum length of 1.9 m (6.2 ft). The lethal dose by subcutaneous injection varies widely: 0.0478 mg / kg, 0.6 mg / kg, 0.171-0.193 mg / kg, 78 μg / kg and 74 μg / kg. 10, pp. The tail is usually gray, with dark and vague crossed bands. [12], Crotalus durissus is found in South America except the Andes Mountains. 2010;16(2):270 Recent studies on the biochemical functional characterization of C. durissus cumanensis venom from Venezuela have indicated high intraspecies variability whereas different isoforms of crotoxin complex from this venom … This species is more active at dusk and in the early hours of the morning, it is not aggressive towards humans, it raises its head and front one third of the body, in a vertical loop in the shape of '' S ''. Esta especie venenosa de crótalo tiene una coloración de color marrón claro a oscuro con una serie de rombos o diamantes más oscuros bordeados por un color lustroso, pero puede variar según la subespecie. Es la serpiente más distribuida de su género y es muy venenosa, siendo un grave problema de resolución médica su mordedura. 12 subespecies son reconocidas actualmente, incluyendo la forma típica. It has been reported to occur in littoral xerophilous scrub, psammophilous and halophilous littoral grassland, thorny xerophilous scrub, tropophilous deciduous and semideciduous scrub, as well as tropophilous semideciduous seasonal forest in the northwest of Venezuela. In specific geographical areas, such as northern Colombia, the Caribbean coastal plain, the south inter-Andean region near the headwaters of the Magdalena river, and regions east and south of the Andes ( Campbell and Lamar, 2004 ). 2004. Hallada desde México (del lado Atlántico en Tamaulipas, Nuevo León, en el lado Pacífico desde Michoacán) a Costa Rica (provincia de Guanacaste y la Meseta Central), incluyendo Belice, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras y Nicaragua. Crotalus durissus cumanensis, a rattlesnake endemic to Colombia and Venezuela, is considered one of the most lethal snake species in Latin America. durissus. Jour. Resumen 2 La cascabel tropical,víbora de cascabel, cascabel o cascabela (Crotalus durissus) es una especie venenosa de crótalo, distribuida desde México a Sudamérica.Es la serpiente más distribuida de su género y es muy venenosa, siendo un grave problema de resolución médica su mordedura. 1130–1145. sólo se copiará el contenido con licencia. Poisonous Snakes of the World. It occurs in Colombia and eastern Brazil to southeastern Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, and northern Argentina (Catamarca, Córdoba, Corrientes, Chaco, Entre Rios, Formosa, La Pampa, La Rioja, Mendoza, Misiones, San Juan, San Luis, Santa Fe, Santiag… Sie gilt als giftigste Klapperschlange. (c) Dick Culbert, algunos derechos reservados (CC BY). US Govt. The mussurana can kill its prey using both constriction and venom, … [7] Reproduction is Ovoviviparous, giving birth to 4-8 pups. Algunas subespecies tienen marcas casi invisibles y pueden aparecer casi de color rosa (reflejando el color del suelo de su entorno). New York: Dover Publications Inc. 203 pp. Vor allem die Subspezies Crotalus durissus terrificus (Süd-Brasilien, Uruguay, Argentinien, Paraguay, Peru, Bolivien) besitzt hauptsächlich neurotoxische Bestandteile in ihrem Toxin. Am. 2007. Established in 1964, the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species has evolved to become the world’s most comprehensive information source on the global conservation status of animal, fungi and plant species. [11] and in Spanish: víbora de cascabel, cascabel, cascabela, and also in Portuguese, cascavel. Within the lines, the color is lighter than the stripes. [15] The LD50, value is 0,047 mg/kg(IV), 0,048 mg/kg IP and 1,4 mg/kg IM. [3] Also, it occurs on some islands in the Caribbean, including Morro de la Iguana, Tamarindo and Aruba. [14] The mortality rate of cases without specific serum treatment is 72%, and 11% in cases with specific treatment. dryinus). Si eres uno de los New York: Sterling Publishers.