University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois. Liner, Ernest A. and Gustavo Cass-Andreu. [2], According to Campbell and Lamar (2004), its range in Ecuador extends as far south along the Pacific coast as El Oro Province and the Vilcabamba area of the Río Catamayo Valley. A generalized ontogenetic diet shift occurs, with a higher percentage of ectothermic prey in juveniles, changing to a greater percentage of endothermic prey in adults, particularly small mammals. 400 pp. Dark triangles with pale edges can be seen laterally, which range in number from 18 to 25. Durante el período 1982-1987 se estudiaron y trataron 279 casos humanos de mordeduras por diferentes especies de serpientes de los géneros Bothrops, Micrurus (Corales) y por colúbridos de los grupos opistoglifodontes. Sasa M, Vázquez S. 2003. Eagle Mountain Publishing, LC. Lillywhite, Harvey B. 1992. Southwestern Naturalist 62(1): 77-84. Distribution of Bothrops asper in Tamaulipas, Mexico and a review or prey items. The average number of offspring was 18.6 (five to 40) in this population. Snakebite envenomation in Costa Rica: a revision of incidence in the decade 1990–2000. Venoms from newborn and juvenile specimens showed higher lethal, hemorrhagic, edema-forming and coagulant activities, whereas venoms from 3-year old specimens showed higher indirect hemolytic, i.e. (1994). Very big females can reach lengths up to 2.5 metres (8.2 ft), although this is uncommon. Standard Spanish, English and Scientific Names of the Amphibians and Reptiles of Mexico (2nd. Lemos Espinal, Julio A. and James R. Dixon. They are, however, sometimes found at much higher elevations. Bothrops asper (common names Terciopelo [English], Cuatro Narices [Spanish], and often called the fer-de-lance among many other colloquial names, but see discussion under common names below[2][3][4]) is a highly venomous pit viper species, ranging in distribution from southern Mexico to northern South America. i-iii, 1-113 pp. Mating includes a series of movements of the male, which then slowly chases an accepting female. Juveniles are also known to exhibit caudal luring, a use of their differently colored tail tips to lure prey. Amphibians and Reptiles of San Luis Potosí. [9] In their seminal opus on the venomous reptiles of the western hemisphere, Campbell & Lamar, stated "The name fer-de lance, widely used in North America with reference to B. asper and B. atrox, has no legitimate origin of use in regions inhabited by this snake. Basically, the B. atrox complex populations from the northern edge of S. America (& Trinidad) are quite variable morphologically and genetically, but all are closer to B. atrox than to B. asper, both genetically and morphologically (scalation, pattern, etc. Scientific and common names for the amphibians and reptiles of Mexico in English and Spanish. Dictionary of Herpetology. buscando por internet me encontre con estas gigantes amazonicas las serpientes mas peligrosas de sud america la pregunta es buscando botrhops asper me aparece como fer de lance o cabeza de lanza y la botrhops asper me aparece como la famosa mapanare pero tambien me aparece como fer de lance estas 2 serpientes son las mismas o son parientes cercanos que confune termino … It has also been observed to eject venom over a distance of at least 6 ft (1.8 m) in fine jets from the tips of its fangs (Mole, 1924). It is less active in colder and drier periods. La terciopelo o barba amarilla es una serpiente grande, que puede alcanzar los 250 cm, aunque el promedio de adultos varía entre los 140 y 180 cm de longitud. viii, 376 pp. One of the reasons so many people are bitten is because of its association with human habitation; many bites occur indoors (Sasa & Vázquez, 2003). [2] Although both males and females display this behavior, only males have bright coloured tail tips. [1] No subspecies are currently recognized. [2][18] These are among the most sexually dimorphic of all snakes. A conspicuous ontogenetic variability was observed in venom samples from both species. In the Colombian states of Antioquia and Chocó, it causes 50–70% of all snakebites, with a sequelae rate of 9% and a fatality rate of 6% (Otero et al., 1992). Sometimes referred to as the 'ultimate pit viper', these snakes are found in a wide range of lowland habitats, often near human habitations. [2], Due to the casual and informal application of the name "Fer-de-lance" being applied to any number of species of Latin America pit vipers in the genus Bothrops, there is much confusion and misunderstanding, particularly in popular literature, as to proper nomenclature. "Reproductive biology and the distribution of the Terciopelo, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cBL-5mOGHt8, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bothrops_asper&oldid=988900127, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. (1991). mass as snakes aged. xi + 402 pp. The timing of breeding differs between populations in the Caribbean and Pacific lowlands. 2017. On the Pacific side, mating took place between September and November, with females giving birth between April and June. Bothrops species can be distinguished by their broad, flattened heads which are set apart from the rest of their bodies. Snakes: The Evolution of Mystery in Nature. University of California Press, Berkeley, California. Comportamiento. Liner, Ernest A. To prevent water loss where they occur in drier regions, this species has more scales. The Amphibians and Reptiles of Costa Rica, A Herpetofauna between Two Continents, between Two Seas. Savage, Jay M. (2002). Facebook gives people the power to share … ESPECIES: • B. jararaca • B. neuwiedi • B. jararacussu • B. alternatus • B. erythromelas • B. moojeni • B. atrox • B. asper 4. Populations of Bothrops referred to as Fer-de-lance on the island of Martinique are regard as Bothrops lanceolatus. This species is often found near rivers and streams, basking in the sun during the day and lying still while well camouflaged in leaf litter or under forest cover waiting to ambush prey such as rats and mice that come within range during the night. There are even a few records from northern coastal Peru, with these snakes being reported in the Tumbes Region. Warrell DA. Venom of adult specimens showed a higher number of peaks with indirect hemolytic activity than venom of newborn specimens. Bothrops asper GARMAN 1883 Trigonocephalus colombiensis HALLOWELL 1845 Coluber lanceolatus LACÉPÈDE. The female then stops movement and extends her posture to mate. In the interspaces, there are dark, paravertebral blotches. El cuerpo es medianamente robusto, la cabeza grande, bien diferenciada y claramente triangular vista dorsalmente. Herpetological Circular No. "[2] In an effort to establish standardized names for the amphibians and reptiles of North America, the Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles (SSAR), a not-for-profit organization and one of the largest international herpetological societies, applied following nomenclature. Its proximity to human habitations and temperament are likely the reasons why it is considered more dangerous to humans than others. In 12 fatal cases, the cause of death was sepsis (5), intracranial hemorrhage (3), acute kidney injury with hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis (2) and hemorrhagic shock (1). Otero R, Tobón GS, Fernando Gómez L, Osorio R, Valderrama R, Hoyos D, Urreta JE, Molina S, Arboleda JJ. Comstock Publishing Associates, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York. The head of this snake is light to dark brown or even black. Bothrops asper is a highly venomous pit viper species ranging from southern Mexico to northern South America. Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. Las escamas dorsales están fuertemente quilladas. It is likely responsible for the majority of snakebite fatalities in northern Mexico and the greatest number of snakebites in the U.S. No subspecies is currently recognized. 38. [1] [20], This is mostly a lowland species that, in Mexico and Central America, occurs from about sea level to 1,200 to 1,300 meters (3,900 to 4,300 ft) altitude. B. asper, together with Crotalus durissus, is the leading cause of snakebite in Yucatán, Mexico. El genero Bothrops tiene como características princípales, un cuerpo medio largo y robusto con colores llamativos y una cabeza con forma triangular incluyen un canto rostralis bien definido, un hocico sin elevación, una escama rostral que no es tan alta como lo es ancho, y una cola prensil. [2], Male-male combat in this species has not been observed. i-xii, 1-300 pp. In northern South America, it is found in Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana and Venezuela. Copyright © 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. [19], Across its geographic range, this species varies greatly phenotypically. Estas últimas corresponden a los ofidios que poseen un par de dientes inyectores del veneno, situado a cada lado de la maxila y hacia el extremo posterior de ésta. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. Join Facebook to connect with Bothrops Asper Atrox and others you may know. La terciopelo (Bothrops asper) [2] es una especie de serpiente crotalina venenosa que se encuentra en América Central y el norte de Sudamérica. [19], Goliath birdeater spiders sometimes prey on the snake, despite it being one of the most venomous snakes in Central and South America.[29]. [2], It is found on the Gulf - Atlantic versant of eastern Mexico as far north as the state of Tamaulipas, southward into Central America, including Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama. An Bothrops asper in nahilalakip ha genus nga Bothrops, ngan familia nga Viperidae. Schwartz, Albert and Robert W. Henderson. The ventral side is yellow, cream, or a whitish gray, with dark blotches that are more frequent closer to the posterior end. Ang Bothrops atrox sakop sa kahenera nga Bothrops sa kabanay nga Viperidae. ed.). This species has different patterns and colors on its dorsal and ventral sides and it exhibits a postorbital stripe. Herpetological Circular No. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0041-0101(03)00171-5. [5], The generic name, Bothrops, comes from the Greek words bothros and ops, which mean "pit" and "face" (or "eye"), respectively. [19], The venomous bite of B. asper has been suggested to have been a factor in the choice of certain Mayan settlements, such as Nim Li Punit, Belize Central America, where the thick jungle inhabited by these snakes was used as a defensive boundary. (2008). 3.0 3.1; 5.0 5.1; Mga sumpay ha gawas However both juveniles and adults, regardless of size or age, are known to opportunistically prey on ectothermic and endothermic species. Females will mate with more than one male during mating season. 511 pp. El genérico nombre, Bothrops, proviene de los griegos palabras bothros y operaciones, lo que significa "pozo" y "cara" (o "ojo"), respectivamente.Esta es una referencia a altamente sensibles órganos de pozo de detección de calor estas serpientes. Más específicamente, en México y América Central Bothrops asper se encuentra al norte del sur de Tamaulipas y al sur de la península sudeste de Yucatán. (With CD). Herpeton, Verlag Elke Köhler, Offenbach, Germany. Tipton, Bob L. (2005). Eagle Mountain, Utah. The Trinidad Bothrops is definitely NOT B. asper. McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. (2013). Reports of invertebrate and insect remains in the digestive tracts along with frog and lizard remains are believed to represent secondary ingestion, however the dissection of several specimens containing only insect remains such as beetles (Coleoptera), and bugs (Hemiptera) are believed to reflect insects as primary prey too. xx, 934 pp. Toxicon 41(1): 19–22. [2] They also have heads two or three times the size of males relative to their size and proportionally bigger fangs (typically 2.5 cm), as well. Populations of Bothrops often referred to as Fer-de-lance on the island of Saint Lucia are Bothrops caribbaeus. The specific epithet, asper, which is a Latin word meaning "rough" or "harsh", may allude to the species' keeled dorsal scales. Köhler, Gunther (2008). La distribución de la serpiente terciopelo – Bothrops asper incluye la costa noroeste de Sudamérica desde Ecuador a Venezuela, Trinidad y el norte hasta México. [2] The name fer-de-lance has been used inconsistently and very informally with several species in the genus Bothrops having been called fer-de-lance at one time or another, most commonly Bothrops asper, Bothrops atrox, Bothrops caribbaeus, and Bothrops lanceolatus. [27], Bite symptoms include pain, oozing from the puncture wounds, local swelling that may increase for up to 36 hours, bruising that spreads from the bite site, blisters, numbness, mild fever, headache, bleeding from the nose and gums, hemoptysis, gastrointestinal bleeding, hematuria, hypotension, nausea, vomiting, impaired consciousness and tenderness of the spleen. On the Atlantic side, mating was observed in March, and births occurred between September and November. Se encuentra estrechamente relacionada con B. atrox, y son usualmente confundidas entre sí. Neonates ranged in total length from 28 to 34.6 centimeters (11.0 to 13.6 in) and in weight from 6.7 to 13.1 grams (0.24 to 0.46 oz). Krieger Publishing Co. Malabar, Florida. Because of its proximity to human habitations and its defensive temperament, it is more dangerous to people than many other snakes. This is a reference to these snakes' highly sensitive heat-detecting pit organs. Greene, Harry W. (1997). iv, 162 pp. [3] [4]. It chiefly inhabits tropical rainforest and evergreen forest, but it also occurs in drier areas of tropical deciduous forest, thorn forest and pine savannah near lakes, rivers and streams. ESPECIE: Bothrops asper NOMBRE VULGAR: • Serpiente X • X rabo de hueso • X rabo fino • X pachona 5. Snakebites in Central and South America: Epidemiology, Clinical Features, and Clinical Management. An isolated population occurs in southeastern Chiapas (Mexico) and southwestern Guatemala. [27], Venom yield (dry weight) averages 458 mg, with a maximum of 1530 mg (Bolaños, 1984)[27] and an LD50 in mice of 2.844 mg/kg IP. It is also regarded as being more excitable and unpredictable than B. atrox. The two sexes are born the same size, but by age 7 to 12 months, females begin to grow at a much faster rate than males. It is considered the most dangerous snake in Costa Rica, responsible for 46% of all bites and 30% of all hospitalized cases; before 1947, the fatality rate was 9%, but this has since declined to almost 0% (Bolaños, 1984), mostly due to the Clodomiro Picado Research Institute,[26] responsible for the production of snake antiophidic sera (which are also exported to other countries in Latin America and Africa) and scientific research on serpents and their venoms, as well as educational and extension programs in rural areas and hospitals. Lee, Julian C. (2000). Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. Las hembras son mucho más largas que los machos. [9][10] In English the name lancehead is applied to the genus Bothrops as a whole,[2] [9][11][4] and in combination with the majority of the species within the genus (e.g. The lancehead snakes Bothrops asper and Bothrops atrox inflict 70–90% of the 3000 bites reported every year in Colombia. The underside is most often pale yellow. Reptiles of Central America, 2nd Edition. In South America, it apparently ranges to considerably higher elevations: up to 2,500 metres (8,200 ft) in Venezuela and at least 2,640 metres (8,660 ft) in Colombia according to herpetologist Lancini. The type locality given is "Obispo, on the Isthmus of Darien" (Panama). Endothermic prey species include: bay wren (Cantorchilus nigricapillus), grey-headed tanager (Eucometis penicillata), wren (Troglodytes), blue-black grassquit (Volatinia jacarina), Central American woolly opossum (Caluromys derbianus), common opossum (Didelphis marsupialis), Desmarest's spiny pocket mouse (Heteromys desmarestianus), dusky rice rat (Melanomys caliginosus), Rothschild's porcupine (Coendou rothschildi), Brazilian cottontail (Sylvilagus brasiliensis), and least shrew (Cryptotis parva). [6], Some of the common names applied to this snake are terciopelo ("velvet" in Spanish), fer-de-lance,[2] mapepire balsain (Trinidad), carpet labaria (Guyana), barba amarilla (Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua; "yellow beard"), equis (Ecuador and Panama; "x"),[7] talla equis (Colombia), cuaima (Venezuela), nauyaca (México; from Nahuatl nahui, four, and yacatl, nose; "four noses"),[8] and yellow-jaw tommygoff (Belize). [20], The timing of the reproductive cycle and the litter size of this species vary according to location: in some parts of Costa Rica, for example, it is more prolific than in others. It is not known whether this species exhibits annual or biannual reproduction.[22]. Serpiente terciopelo, Bothrops asper es una especie de serpiente perteneciente a la familia Viperidae. As a result, great confusion between it and other related species, most notably Bothrops atrox, which is similar in color but usually has yellow or rust-like tones and rectangular or trapezoidal blotches. [12][13], This species likes moist environments, and occurs in most life zones located at low or middle elevations (up to 600 metres (2,000 ft)), excluding those with strong seasonal dry periods. Espesye sa bitin ang Bothrops atrox. An Bothrops asper in uska species han Viperidae nga ginhulagway ni Samuel Garman hadton 1883. Snakes of the Americas, Checklist and Lexicon. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. Polyvalent antivenom produced in Costa Rica recognized all the bands of both venoms from specimens at all ages tested, when assayed by Western blotting. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. Reproduction is highly seasonal and in Costa Rica, reproductive cycles are tightly related to rainfall patterns. [27], This species is irritable and fast-moving. Apices either alternate or are reflective of each other over the middorsal line. 23. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of whole venom for both species evidenced a predominance of high mol. This is true in the premontane forest in Costa Rica, the cloud forest of Guatemala and Mexico, or the lower montane wet forest in the Caribbean Region of Colombia and Ecuador. Specimens may have a yellow zig-zag-shaped line on each side of the body. In recent decades herpetologist have preferred the name Terciopelo for Bothrops asper,[14][15][16][17] although the term fer-de-lance is still common in popular usage. (2008). Krieger Publishing Co. Malabar, Florida. phospholipase A2 activity, being more significant in the case of B. asper. This is the only Bothrops species that occurs on the island of Trinidad, although the situation there is complicated due to proximity of Trinidad to the Orinoco Delta where it may be sympatric with B. [23], Compared to the common lancehead, B. atrox, these snakes have been described as excitable and unpredictable when disturbed.