South African Journal of Science, 103(3/4):123-126. http://www.sajs.co.za, Stuart RJ, Michaud JP, Olsen L, McCoy CW, 2002. There is uncertainty surrounding the origin of these populations and whether they resulted from intentionally released beetles or accidental introductions (Day et al., 1994; Tedders and Schaefer, 1994). Journal of Economic Entomology, 93(3):732-736, Soares AO, Coderre D, Schanderl H, 2001. Adult H. axyridis are highly polymorphic for both colour and pattern (Majerus and Roy, 2006). Rezende M Q, Campos J L A, Coelho L M B, Santana D L Q, 2010. Seasonal prevalence and hibernating diapause behaviour in the lady beetle, Harmonia axyridis. Hippodamia convergens (convergent ladybird); adult for comparison with H. axyridis. There is no evidence to suggest that H. axyridis in the USA have biased sex ratios and therefore it is unlikely that they possess the male-killing bacterium. Journal of Jilin Agricultural University, 17(1):106-108, Smith B, Fisher D, 2008. The development of the immature stages is dependent on a variety of factors including temperature and diet. Journal of Entomological Science, 37(1):83-93, Michaud JP, 2003. (A harlekinkatica (Harmonia axyridis Pallas, 1773) (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) elterjedése Magyarországon és megjelenése Romániában, Ukrajnában.) The spread and increase of H. axyridis may therefore prove to be beneficial to crop systems through a reduction in aphid numbers below economically damaging levels and thus an associated reduction in the use of chemical pesticides (Koch and Galvan, 2008). Influence of ground cover on beneficial arthropods in pecan. Intraguild predation involving Harmonia axyridis: a review of current knowledge and future perspectives. Hodek and Honek (1996) proposed seven subfamilies: Coccidulinae, Scymninae, Chilocorinae, Ortaliinae, Coccinellinae, Epilachninae and Sticholotidinae. The presence of H. axyridis larvae within an aphid colony may reduce the rate that parasitoids oviposit (Takizawa et al., 2000) and so reduce their numbers. This vertically transmitted Spiroplasma kills males early in embryogenesis and so results in female biased sex ratios. ©Russ Ottens/University of Georgia/Bugwood.org - CC BY 3.0 US. Firstly, the impact of H. axyridis on native biodiversity needs to be better assessed in long term studies, and the mechanisms underlying this impact should be better understood. Invasive alien predator causes rapid declines of native European ladybirds. This indicates the late activity of H. axyridis; all native British aphidophagous coccinellids disperse to overwintering sites from September to October. European Journal of Entomology [Proceedings of the International Symposium "Ecology of Aphidophaga 10", held in September 2007 in Athens, Greece. Harmonia axyridis (harlequin ladybird); orange and red forms may be patterned with anything from 0 to 21 black spots (f. succinea complex), or may display a grid-like black pattern (f. axyridis). Natural Enemies of Insects, 9(2):84-87, Lynch LD, Hokkanen HMT, Babendreier D, Bigler F, Burgio G, Gao ZH, Kuske S, Loomans A, Menzler-Hokkanen I, Thomas MB, Tommasini G, Waage JK, Lenteren JCvan, Zeng QQ, 2001. The genetics of phenotypic plasticity in a colonizing population of the ladybird beetle, Harmonia axyridis. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica, 22(6):183-189, Harmon JP, Stephens E, Losey J, 2007. Revista de Agricultura (Piracicaba). Harmonia axyridis, el escarabajo asiático multicolor, también conocido como “escarabajo de Halloween”, “escarabajo japonés” o “mariquita arlequín”, es una especie de coleóptero oriundo de Asia , perteneciente a la familia Coccinellidae. In: Hodek I, Honek A, eds. 35 (4), 421-434. http://www.scielo.br/ne DOI:10.1590/S1519-566X2006000400001. It is known to have been introduced (both intentionally and unintentionally) to Europe, North America, South America, the Middle East and South Africa (Stals and Prinsloo, 2007; Brown et al., 2008a). Michigan, USA: Michigan State University/Agricultural Experiment Station, Burgio G, Santi F, Maini S, 2002. Tokyo, Japan: Academic Press, Sasaji H, 1977. Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne, 76(3):177-182, Roy HE, Adriaens T, Isaac NJB, Kenis M, Onkelinx T, San Martin G, Brown PMJ, Hautier L, Poland R, Roy DB, Comont R, Eschen R, Frost R, Zindel R, Vlaenderen Jvan, Nedved O, Ravn HP, Grégoire J, Biseau JCde, Maes D, 2012. (Wells and McPherson, 1999), winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) (Colunga-Garcia and Gage, 1998) and soyabean (Glycine max) (Koch, 2003). Natural Enemies of Insects. However, H. axyridis is a much larger beetle (Majerus et al., 2005a). Diversity and Distributions, 18(7):717-725. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1472-4642, Roy HE, Brown P, Majerus MEN, 2006. In: Journal of Insect Science, 3 32. Effects of indigenous ladybird species (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) on the survival of an exotic species in relation to prey abundance. New records of coccinellid species for the Province of Manitoba. Journal of Entomological Science, 35(2):150-157, Nalepa CA, Weir A, 2007. The defensive chemistry of H. axyridis appears to be central to the resistance of H. axyridis to attack by other aphidophages. However, initial introductions of H. axyridis to USA agroecosystems failed to establish until 1988, when populations were found in Louisiana (Chapin and Brou, 1991). London, UK; HarperCollins Academic, 367 pp, Majerus MEN, 2004. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Manitoba, 57:5-10; 13 ref, Wold SJ, Burkness EC, Hutchison WD, Venette RC, 2001. There are approximately 5200 species of Coccinellidae described worldwide. The applications can be targeted to entry points such as windows, doors, eaves and foundations. This variation has been shown to have a genetic basis, controlled by a multi-allelic gene, with melanic forms generally being genetically dominant to non-melanic forms (Hosino, 1933, 1936; Tan and Li, 1934; Komai, 1956; Sasaji, 1971). Comprehensive studies on the establishment of H. axyridis in south-western Michigan, USA, where the landscape is one of agricultural fields interspersed with deciduous and coniferous plantations (Burbank et al., 1992; Colunga-Garcia and Gage, 1998) have demonstrated that H. axyridis thrives and breeds in agricultural habitats, such as forage crops (LaMana and Miller, 1996; Buntin and Bouton, 1997), maize (Zea mays), soyabean (Glycine max) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) (Colunga-Garcia and Gage, 1998) and conifer woodland (McClure, 1986). The Asian ladybird, Harmonia axyridis, as biological control agents: I. Predacious behavior and feeding ability. This prolonged breeding confirms the continual breeding of the species if food is available and temperatures are not too low. The mean duration of each immature stage is as follows: egg - 2.8 days, first instar - 2.5 days, second instar - 1.5 days, third instar - 1.8 days, fourth instar - 4.4 days, pupa - 4.5 days. Biological control of insect pests by insect parasitoids and predators: the BIOCAT database. The pupae are exposed and the exuvium of the fourth instar remains attached posteriorly to the pupa at the point of substrate attachment. Er wordt over nagedacht om een vleugelloos lieveheersbeestje te gaan gebruiken in de tuinbouw. New record of the invasive ladybeetle Harmonia axyridis in Afrotropical Region: Tanzania, Zanzibar. Progress in Plant Protection. Therefore, the arrival of this species to these two countries is likely to be through unintentional introduction (Majerus et al., 2005b; Stals and Prinsloo, 2007) and dispersal from neighbouring countries. First sighting of the invasive ladybird Harmonia axyridis Pallas (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) in Serbia. H. axyridis, a species of Asian origin, has been used as a biological control agent against aphids worldwide. Het veelkleurig Aziatisch lieveheersbeestje (Harmonia axyridis) is een kever uit de familie lieveheersbeestjes (Coccinellidae). For some countries (Spain, Sweden, Norway, Alberta and Hungary), only a few specimens have been found and establishment is not yet certain, but probable. 44 (5), 239-242. BioControl, 53:103-125, Przewoz´ny M, Barozek T, Bunalski M, 2007. Harmonia axyridis (harlequin ladybird); larva feeding on an aphid. Study on the population dynamics of pests and natural enemies of capsicum in Qiubei. Intraguild predation by the invasive ladybird Harmonia axyridis: 1. (Primer registro de Harmonia axyridis (Pallas, 1773) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) en Venezuela.). Living with the enemy: parasites and pathogens of the ladybird Harmonia axyridis. Effect of three species of predatory ladybirds on oviposition of aphid parasitoids. Occurrence and contribution of alkyl methoxypyrazines in wine tainted by. 50 (4), 2003-2007. http://www.progress.plantprotection.pl/pliki/2010/PPP_50_4_70_Labanowski_G_R.pdf, Liu Jian, Ma FengMing, Zhao KuiJun, 2009. Oecologia, 105(4):537-544, El-Sebaey IIA, El-Gantiry AM, 1999. It will be particularly important to consider the implications of intraguild predation by H. axyridis on ecological resilience and function. First record of Hesperomyces virescens Thaxter (Laboulbeniales: Ascomycetes) on Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Het gaat om een mutant die niet kan wegvliegen, waardoor lokaal meer bladluizen opgegeten worden. Grez A, Zaviezo T, González G, Rothmann S, 2010. Information on the global distribution of H. axyridis is far from comprehensive; however, there is a high probability that it occurs widely, mainly through intentional introductions coupled with natural dispersal. Orange and red forms may be patterned with anything from 0 to 21 black spots (f. succinea complex). Responses of two ladybeetles to eight fungicides used in Florida citrus: implications for biological control. In 1990, Fürsch proposed a system based on that originally constructed by Chazeau et al. Harmonia axyridis (harlequin ladybird); adults are highly polymorphic for both colour and pattern. Biological Control, 53(1):92-99. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WBP-4XNW45N-1&_user=10&_coverDate=04%2F30%2F2010&_rdoc=14&_fmt=high&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info(%23toc%236716%232010%23999469998%231723116%23FLA%23display%23Volume)&_cdi=6716&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=20&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=96247e0f8b544d9d2d6007d86df04d6e, Botezatu AI, Kotseridis Y, Inglis D, Pickering GJ, 2013. [1], Het veelkleurig Aziatisch lieveheersbeestje is een agressieve predator en bij gebrek aan luizen worden ook larven van andere soorten lieveheersbeestjes, rupsen en vlindereitjes opgegeten, waardoor de kever een bedreiging vormt voor de inheemse soorten. However, many vertebrate predators avoid these beetles. Savoiskaya G I, 1970. Phytoparasitica, 25(3):183-191, Kenis M, Roy HE, Zindel R, Majerus MEN, 2008. Entomological News, 107(5):281-290, Hosino Y, 1933. These black markings can be in the form of four black spots, two curved lines, a black M-shaped mark or a solid black trapezoid (Chapin and Brou, 1991). H. axyridis impacts on the wine industry because of its tendency to aggregate in clusters of grapes (Vitis vinifera) prior to harvest. Development and reproduction of ladybeetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) on the citrus aphids Aphis spiraecola Patch and Toxoptera citricida (Kirkaldy) (Homoptera: Aphididae). It does not appear to affect survival, but heavy infections may impede flight, foraging and mating. Ladybirds. Toxicity of fruit fly baits to beneficial insects in citrus. In the UK, H. axyridis f. succinea is the dominant colour form (Majerus et al., 2005). Brown et al. Entomological News, 112(4):264-270, Hicks B, Majka CG, Moores SP, 2010. Harmonia axyridis is holometabolous, progressing from egg through four larval instars, to pupa and then adult. The second instars have a similar appearance to the first instars although the first and sometimes first and second abdominal segments have an orange colouration in the dorsal-lateral regions. Role of predators in regulation of endemic populations of Matsucoccus matsumurae (Homoptera: Margarodidae) in Japan. Onychium, No.12:137-139, Merkl O, 2008. Harmonia axyridis. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 71(2):159-163, Day WH, Prokrym DR, Ellis DR, Chianese RJ, 1994. Intraguild predation by Harmonia axyridis: effects on native enemies and aphid suppression. Data source for updated system data added to species habitat list. The adult ladybirds are reproductively active for approximately 3 months, but some species of coccinellid, such as Coccinella septempunctata (seven-spot ladybird), require a period of winter dormancy (diapause) before they become reproductively mature. Journal of Insect Science, 3:1-9, Michaud JP, Grant AK, 2003. 295-309. Multicolored Asian Lady Beetle, Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) Coleoptera:Coccinellidae. H. axyridis is reported to be primarily a polyphagous arboreal species that inhabits orchards, forest stands and old-field vegetation (Hodek, 1973; McClure, 1986; Chapin and Brou, 1991; Tedders and Schaefer, 1994; Coderre et al., 1995; LaMana and Miller, 1996; Brown and Miller, 1998); however, it has the ability to exploit resources in a wide range of habitats including agricultural ecosystems, riparian zones, urban areas and wetlands (NBII, 2005; Adriaens et al., 2008; Roy and Brown, 2015). H. axyridis is within the subfamily Coccinellinae. Many British coccinellids, such as Coccinella septempunctata, Anatis ocellata and Exochomus quadripustulatus, require a dormancy period before becoming reproductively mature (Majerus and Kearns, 1989) and so are univoltine. For example, the dark forms (form spectabilis and f. conspicua) are common in Asia (native range), but rare in the USA where the orange colour forms (f. succinea complex) dominate (Hodek and Honek, 1996). H. axyridis is considered bivoltine in much of Asia (Sakurai et al., 1992; Osawa, 2000), North America (LaMana and Miller, 1996; Koch and Hutchison, 2003) and Europe (Ongagna et al., 1993). Het insect werd als biologische bestrijding van bladluizen ingevoerd in België. Foley I A, Ivie M A, Denke P M, 2009. The distribution of colour forms varies geographically and some forms also vary seasonally. 8 (1), 29-34. The elytra and pronotum colour and pattern of H. axyridis adults are highly polymorphic. 20 (4), 346-347. Coleopterists Bulletin. A male-killing bacterium has been isolated from H. axyridis in Asia. Susceptibility of immature monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus (Lepidoptera:Nymphalidae:Danainae), to predation by Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera:Coccinellidae). H. axyridis is a highly dispersive coccinellid species. Biocontrol News and Information. Environmental Entomology, 31:827-835, Michaud JP, 2002. Cambridge, UK: University of Cambridge, Wells PM, Baverstock J, Majerus MEN, Jiggins FM, Roy HE, Pell JK, 2010. African Entomology, 24(1):247-249. http://www.bioone.org/loi/afen, Obata S, 1986. One or more of the features that are needed to show you the maps functionality are not available in the web browser that you are using. The alkaloids contained within these beetles adversely affect the taste and bouquet of the vintage (Pickering et al., 2005). In the late autumn, H. axyridis migrate to overwintering sites and form spectacular aggregations. Wine Industry Newsletter., 3, Smith CA, Gardiner MM, 2013. Biological Control, 28:265-270, Koch RL, Venette RC, Hutchison WD, 2006. Determination of supercooling temperature of Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) and its control over vegetable aphids in plastic covering. H. axyridis has a range of natural enemies, but few of them show potential as biological control agents (Kenis et al., 2008). Taxonomy of Coccinellids. Spread of Harlequin Ladybird (Harmonia axyridis Pallas, 1773) (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) in Hungary, and the first records from Romania and Ukraine. In: Biology of Coccinellidae. Effect of size, extraguild prey and habitat complexity on intraguild interactions: a case study with the invasive ladybird Harmonia axyridis and the hoverfly Episyrphus balteatus. Environmental Entomology, 30:785-793, Wells PM, 2011. It is not yet known whether H. axyridis in other parts of the world harbour male-killers. Occurrence of Leis axyridis (Pallas) (Col.: Coccinellidae). Intraguild predation is considered to be an important force in structuring aphidophagous ladybird guilds (Yasuda and Shinya, 1997; Yasuda and Ohnuma, 1999; Kajita et al., 2000), and therefore H. axyridis has the potential to dramatically disrupt native guilds globally. BioControl, 56(4):451-468. http://www.springerlink.com/link.asp?id=102853, Roy HE, Rhule E, Harding S, Handley LJL, Poland RL, Riddick EW, Steenberg T, 2011. New record of the invasive ladybeetle. Harmonia axyridis (harlequin ladybird); adult. Ensuring that fruit and cut flower imports are free from H. axyridis will reduce movement. In its native region, it is found in the same habitat, but the status is natural and productive/non-natural (M Kenis, CABI, personal communication, 2008). (Organizmy pożyteczne związane ze szkodnikami roślin ozdobnych.). The Hague, Holland: Dr W Junk N V Publishers, 70-76, Hodek I, 1996. Extreme variation in the prevalence of inherited male-killing microorganisms between three populations of Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). The invasion of H. axyridis causes concern for the populations of native ladybirds and other aphidophagous insects, which it may displace through intraguild predation and competition for resources. The population fluctuations of some dominant species of ladybird beetles in Eastern Hebei Province. In: Distribution Maps of Plant Pests, Wallingford, UK: CABI. Ten years of invasion: Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in Britain. Invasion of the Florida citrus ecosystem by Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera:Coccinellidae) and asymmetric competition with a native species, Cycloneda sanguinea. 63 (3), 351-352. http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-current-issue DOI:10.1649/1175.1. Download this stock image: Pupa of the harlequin ladybird (Harmonia axyridis), also known as multicolored Asian, or Asian ladybeetle - PDHMNY from Alamy's library of millions of high resolution stock photos, illustrations and vectors. The mean duration of each immature stage is as follows: egg - 2.8 days, first instar - 2.5 days, second instar - 1.5 days, third instar - 1.8 days, fourth instar - 4.4 days, pupa - 4.5 days. Merkl O, 2008. Community structure of arthropods in transgenic cotton fields and their seasonal dynamics. Current and potential management strategies against H. axyridis have been reviewed by Kenis et al. 22 (6), 183-189. H. axyridis undergo a holometabolous (complete metamorphosis) life cycle consisting of egg, four larval instars, pre-pupa, pupa and adult. Wang Su, Michaud J P, Zhang RunZhi, Zhang Fan, Liu ShuAng, 2009. Pupal exposure to low temperatures leads to slow imaginal development, resulting in forms of the succinea complex having more and larger spots, which are frequently fused, one into another (Tan and Li, 1934; Tan and Li, 1946). The first state record for the multicolored Asian lady beetle, Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), from Montana. Harmonia axyridis (harlequin ladybird); two larvae feeding on a Coccinella septempunctata (7-spot ladybird) larva. Journal of Insect Behavior, 14(3):373-384; 32 ref, Yasuda H, Ohnuma N, 1999. From a survey of pupae collected in London, UK, during autumn (October and November, 2004) it was apparent that the majority were very heavily spotted, and subsequent breeding experiments using these beetles showed that their large, fused spots were not inherited, indicating an environmental cause (Majerus and Roy, 2006). The natural genetic variation in H. axyridis provides considerable scope for adaptive changes in the developmental rate and size of this species (Grill et al., 1997).