Adults weigh 25–65 kilograms (55–143 pounds). The major habitats in southern Thailand and peninsular Malaysia are moist evergreen forests, with more or less non-varying climate and heavy rainfall throughout the year, and low-lying or montane dipterocarp forests. Helarctos malayanus euryspilus. [33] The head is large, broad and heavy in proportion to the body, but the ears are proportionately smaller; the palate is wide in proportion to the skull. [67] Protective laws have shown little success in controlling these threats, especially due to poor execution and high potential for gains by the trade. [19] Noting the production of fertile hybrids between sun bears and sloth bears (Melursus ursinus), it was proposed that Helarctos be treated as a synonym of Melursus. [8][37][38] It is also an efficient swimmer. It is stockily built, with large paws, strongly curved claws, small rounded ears and a short snout. - Nature Picture Library helarctos malayanus euryspilus [16][17] Genetic differences between the two subspecies are obscure. The brown bear/polar bear lineage was estimated to have diverged from the two black bears/sun bear lineage around 5.54 to 6.72 million years ago; the sun bear appears to have diverged from the two black bears 5.09–6.26 mya. The fur is generally jet-black, but can vary from grey to red. The sun bear is named so for its characteristic orange to cream coloured, crescent-like chest patch. [43], Sun bears are omnivores and feed on a broad variety of items such as ants, bees, beetles, honey, termites and plant material such as seeds and several kinds of fruits. Sun bears get their name from the characteristic orange to cream coloured chest patch. Sun bears were killed by shooting or administering poison to protect coconut and snakefruit plantations in East Kalimantan. The sun bear (Helarctos malayanus) is a species in the family Ursidae occurring in the tropical forests of Southeast Asia. Sun Bears on Borneo (Helarctos malayanus euryspilus) are sufficiently different from those on the Asian mainland and Sumatra, representing the typical form (H. m. malayanus), as to warrant subspecific differentiation (Meijaard 2004) Sun bear populations appear to decrease in size northward from Sundaland, and numbers are especially low in the northern and western extremes of the range. [8][37] Sun bears stand on their hindfeet for a broader view of their surroundings or smell far-off objects; they try to intimidate their enemies by displaying the chest patch if threatened. In mountainous areas, Asian black bears are more common than sun bears, probably due to scarcity of invertebrates to feed on. [37] Cubs are born deaf with eyes closed. Helarctos malayanus euryspilus is a subspecies of mammals with 14 observations Today they have been eliminated from majority of their erstwhile range, especially in Thailand; populations are declining in most of the range countries. [50], Sun bears are polyoestrous; births occur throughout the year. The Malayan Sun Bears weight can range from 60 to 145 pounds, with males being slightly larger. [63], During surveys in Kalimantan between 1994 and 1997, interviewees admitted to hunting sun bears and indicated that sun bear meat is eaten by indigenous people in several areas in Kalimantan. [27][32] The teeth are very large, especially the canines, and the bite force is high relative to its body size for reasons not well understood; a possible explanation could be its frequent opening of tropical hardwood trees with its powerful jaws and claws in pursuit of insects, larvae, or honey. Note: Photos and resources on this site may be historical in nature and are intended for educational purposes only.Some of the items included in this list are historical, and may not currently be found at Cleveland Metroparks Zoo. Contact Us
[8][44] Vertebrates such as birds, deer, eggs and reptiles may be eaten occasionally. [3][26][29] The claws are sickle-shaped; the front claws are long and heavy. [37] Oil palms are nutritious but not enough for subsistence. The most arboreal (tree-living) of all bears, the sun bear is an excellent climber and sunbathes or sleeps in trees 2 to 7 metres (7 to 23 feet) above the ground. [10] In 1825, American naturalist Thomas Horsfield placed the species in a genus of its own, Helarctos. [4] Sun bears are noted for their intelligence; a captive bear observed sugar being stored in a cupboard then locked by a key, and later used its own claw to open the lock. Helarctos malayanus euryspilus Horsfield, 1825. kingdom Animalia - animals » phylum Chordata - chordates » class Mammalia - mammals » order Carnivora - carnivores » family Ursidae - bears » genus Helarctos » species Helarctos malayanus - Malayan Sun Bear [65][68], The sun bear is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List, and is included in CITES Appendix I. It is the smallest bear, standing nearly 70 centimetres (28 inches) at the shoulder and weighing 25–65 kilograms (55–143 pounds). There was evidence of pet trade and sale of sun bear parts such as gall bladders in traditional Chinese medicine shops in Sabah and Sarawak. [30] The sympatric Asian black bear has cream-coloured chest markings of a similar shape as those of sun bears; a 2008 study discussed differences in claw markings of both bears as a means of identification. Sun bears disappeared from Singapore, possibly due to extensive deforestation, during the 1800s and 1900s.
[3][34] Reported lengths for pregnancies vary from 95 to 240 days; pregnancy tends to be longer in zoos in temperate climate possibly due to delay in implantation or fertilisation. [20][21] However, studies differed on whether the two species were closely related. Bedding sites consist mainly of fallen hollow logs, but they also rest in standing trees with cavities, in cavities underneath fallen logs or tree roots, and in tree branches high above the ground. [1][3], Sun bears tend to avoid heavily logged forests and areas close to human settlement. The snout is grey, silver or orange. [3][6] Another name is 'honey bear' (beruang madu in Malay), in reference to its habit of feeding on honey from honeycombs. Bornean Sun Bear (Helarctos malayanus euryspilus) in Borneo, Malaysia - マレーグマ: comprar esta foto de stock y explorar imágenes similares en Adobe Stock [1][26] Compared to other continents, southeastern Asia has undergone severe depletion in forest cover over the past few decades (by almost 12% between 1990 and 2010); this has resulted in substantial habitat loss for forest-dependent species such as sun bears. [1], These bears dwell primarily in two main types of forests throughout their range: deciduous and seasonally evergreen forests to the north of the Isthmus of Kra, and non-seasonal evergreen forests in Indonesia and Malaysia. [39][40], Sun bears are shy and reclusive animals, and usually do not attack humans unless provoked to do so, or if they are injured or with their cubs; their timid nature led these bears to be tamed often and kept as pets in the past. The head-and-body length is between 100 and 140 centimetres (39 and 55 inches), and the shoulder height is nearly 70 cm (28 in). Numbers are especially low in Bangladesh and China, and populations in Vietnam are feared to decline severely by 50–80% in the next 30 years. [57][58] A survey in Lower Kinabatagan (Malaysia) published in 2017 showed that sun bears were feared but were not common in oil palm plantations; bearded pigs, elephants and macaques were far more damaging to crops. [8][35][36] The sun bear is an excellent climber; it sunbathes or sleeps in trees 2 to 7 metres (7 to 23 feet) above the ground. Cubs are kept on buttress roots at the base of trees until they learn how to walk and climb properly. [1] Population densities vary from 4.3 and 5.9 individuals per 100 km2 (39 sq mi) in Khao Yai National Park (Thailand) to 26 individuals per 100 km2 (39 sq mi) in the Harapan Rainforest in southern Sumatra. Helarctos Malayanus Euryspilus ¿Está el oso malayo en peligro de extinción? malayanus. [70] The Malayan sun bears are part of an international captive-breeding program and a Species Survival Plan under the Association of Zoos and Aquariums since late 1994. [11] Two subspecies have been proposed on the basis of variations in size:[12][13], H. anmamiticus, described by Pierre Marie Heude in 1901 from Annam, is not considered a distinct species, but is subordinated (a junior synonym) to H. m. [22][23] A 2007 phylogenetic study gives the relationships of the sun bear with other species of Ursidae based on complete mitochondrial DNA sequences as shown in the cladogram below. The range of the sun bear is bound by northeastern India to the north and extends south to southeast through Bangladesh, Cambodia, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam in mainland Asia to Brunei, Indonesia and Malaysia to the south. It is mainly active during the day, though nocturnality might be more common in areas frequented by humans. Privacy Policy
[59], In the past sun bears ranged from Borneo and Sumatra in the north and Assam in the northwest to northeastern Vietnam in the northeast and at least Yunnan Province (China) in the east. Helarctos malayanus euryspilus Horsfield, 1825 Taxonomic Serial No. Helarctos malayanus euryspilus Horsfield, 1825. kingdom Animalia - animals » phylum Chordata - chordates » class Mammalia - mammals » order Carnivora - carnivores » family Ursidae - bears » genus Helarctos » species Helarctos malayanus - Malayan Sun Bear Nature Picture Library offers the best nature photographs and footage from the world's finest photographers, to license for commercial and creative use. Descriptive catalogue of a zoological collection, made on account of the honourable East India Company, in the island of Sumatra and its vicinity, under the direction of Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, Lieutenant-Governor of Fort Marlborough; with additional notices illustrative of the natural history of those countries", "Craniometric differences among Malayan sun bears (, "Analysis of complete mitochondrial genome sequences increases phylogenetic resolution of bears (Ursidae), a mammalian family that experienced rapid speciation", "Survival strategies of a frugivore, the sun bear, in a forest-oil palm landscape", "Home range, movement and activity patterns, and bedding sites of Malayan sun bears, "Facial complexity in sun bears: Exact facial mimicry and social sensitivity", "Sun bears mimic each other's facial expressions to communicate", "Predation on sun bears by reticulated python in East Kalimantan, Indonesian Borneo", "Food habits of Malayan Sun Bears in lowland tropical forests of Borneo", "Food habits of Malayan sun bears in lowland tropical forests of Borneo", "Reproductive timing and aseasonality in the sun bear (, "Predictive modeling and mapping of Malayan sun bear (, 10.2192/1537-6176(2004)015<0227:NOOPPU>2.0.CO;2, 10.2192/1537-6176(2005)016[0130:HBCIEK]2.0.CO;2, "Change in tropical forest cover of Southeast Asia from 1990 to 2010", "Human imposed threats to sun bears in Borneo", Pills, powders, vials and flakes: the bear bile trade in Asia, "Dismantling the "wall of death": emergency bear snare-line patrol in the Nam Kan National Protected Area, Lao PDR", "Malayan sun bear: bile trade threatens the world's smallest bear", "A review of the sun bear trade in Sarawak, Malaysia", The effects of selective logging on Malayan sun bears in lowland tropical rainforest of Borneo, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sun_bear&oldid=991441605, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 30 November 2020, at 02:12. [61][62] A 2007 study in East Borneo recorded severe loss of habitat and food resources due to droughts and forest fires brought about by the El Niño. [4][5] The generic name Helarctos comes from two Greek words: ήλιος (hēlios, 'related to the sun') and αρκτος (arctos, 'bear'). [37] A study published in 2019 described skillful mimicry of facial expressions by sun bears, with precision comparable to that seen in some primates (such as gorillas and humans). In 1825, American naturalist Thomas Horsfield placed the species in a genus of its own, Helarctos. Its unique morphology—inward-turned front feet, flattened chest, powerful forelimbs with large claws—suggests adaptations for climbing. Heavy deforestation (due to agriculture, logging and forest fires) and hunting for wildlife trade are severe threats throughout the range; human-bear conflicts are a relatively minor threat. [3], The phylogenetic relationships among ursid species have remained ambiguous over the years. Sun bears become sexually mature at two to four years of age. [18] In 2002, Christopher Fitzgerald and Paul Krausman (of the American Society of Mammalogists) considered the sun bear monotypic. [1][3] Their presence in China was confirmed after years in 2017 when they were sighted in Yingjiang County of Yunnan Province (China). The hair is silky and fine, and is the shortest of all bear species, suiting their hot tropical habitat. [7][8] 'Honey bear' can also refer to the kinkajou. These bears are threatened by heavy deforestation and illegal hunting for food and the wildlife trade; they are also harmed in conflicts with humans when they enter farmlands, plantations and orchards. The fur is generally jet-black, but can vary from grey to red. Here we correlate behavioral and vocal patterns in a Bornean sun bear (Helarctos malayanus euryspilus) mother and cub with ambient noise levels during the 6‐month post‐partum period. [3][8] Sun bears do not seem to hibernate, possibly because food resources are available the whole year throughout the range. A 2014 report documented rampant poaching and trade in sun bear parts in Sarawak, more than anywhere else in Malaysia; the researchers recommended stricter legislations in the state to protect local sun bears. [48] A study in Central Borneo revealed that sun bears play an important role in the seed dispersal of Canarium pilosum (a tree in the family Burseraceae). They also break termite mounds and quickly lick and suck the contents, holding pieces of the broken mound with their front paws. [53] Sun bears are extinct in Singapore. [1][60], According to the IUCN Bear Specialist Group, sun bear populations have fallen by an estimated 35% in the last three decades. Lifespan in captivity is generally over 20 years; one individual lived for nearly 31 years. Mammal Species of the World: Information on euryspilus ... HOME --> CLASS MAMMALIA --> ORDER CARNIVORA --> SUBORDER CANIFORMIA --> FAMILY Ursidae --> GENUS Helarctos --> SPECIES malayanus SUBSPECIES Helarctos malayanus euryspilus. [3][8][26] It is stockily built, with large paws, strongly curved claws, small rounded ears and a short snout. Being omnivores, sun bears have a broad diet including ants, bees, beetles, honey, termites and plant material such as seeds and several kinds of fruits; vertebrates such as birds and deer are also eaten occasionally. [1] They occupy home ranges of varying sizes in different areas, ranging from 7 to 27 square kilometres (2 1⁄2 to 10 1⁄2 square miles) in Borneo and peninsular Malaysia; a study in Ulu Segama Forest Reserve in Sabah (Malaysia) gave the sizes of ranges as 8.7–20.9 km2 (3 3⁄8–8 1⁄16 sq mi). [64] A report published by TRAFFIC in 2011 showed that sun bears, along with Asian black bears and brown bears, are specifically targeted for the bear bile trade in southeastern Asia, and are kept in bear farms in Laos, Vietnam, and Myanmar. [3] Two whirls occur on the shoulders, from whence the hair radiates in all directions. [4][26] The overall unique morphology of this bear—inward-turned front feet, flattened chest, powerful forelimbs with large claws—indicates adaptations for extensive climbing. Nombre Científico: Registrada por: Helarctos malayanus euryspilus: Horsfield, 1825: Helarctos malayanus malayanus (Raffles, 1821) The tail is 3–7 cm (1–3 in) long. [34] Births occur inside hollow tree cavities. More than 500,000 images and video clips online, from tigers to turtles and elephants to sharks. [8][37] They consume figs in large amounts and eat them whole. EXPORT AS CSV . The Malayan Sun Bear is referred by local people as the "dog bear." [42] A wild female sun bear was swallowed by a large reticulated python in East Kalimantan. Some individuals may even lack the patch.