Sade, laughing grimly, agrees. He escaped but was soon recaptured. The Sade family paid the maid to keep her quiet, but the wave of social embarrassment damaged Sade's reputation. [47] On a conventional moral view in Sade's time as today, Sade was incarcerated because his predilection for sexual and corporal abuse of vulnerable individuals made him a serious danger to the public. [9] In the realm of visual arts, many surrealist artists had interest in the "Divine Marquis." The director of the institution, Abbé de Coulmier, allowed and encouraged him to stage several of his plays, with the inmates as actors, to be viewed by the Parisian public. [35], Various influential cultural figures have expressed a great interest in Sade's work, including the French philosopher Michel Foucault,[36] the American film maker John Waters[37] and the Spanish filmmaker Jesús Franco. To his despair, he believed that the manuscript was destroyed in the storming of the Bastille, though it was actually saved by a man named Arnoux de Saint-Maximin two days before the Bastille was attacked. He was unable to finish the work; on 4 July 1789, he was transferred "naked as a worm" to the insane asylum at Charenton near Paris, two days after he reportedly incited unrest outside the prison by shouting to the crowds gathered there, "They are killing the prisoners here!" Son más de 300 palabras para una conversación cotidiana. [51] The writer Georges Bataille applied Sade's methods of writing about sexual transgression to shock and provoke readers.[48]. [52] Yukio Mishima, Barry Yzereef, and Doug Wright also wrote plays about Sade; Weiss's and Wright's plays have been made into films. Susie Bright claims that Dworkin's first novel Ice and Fire, which is rife with violence and abuse, can be seen as a modern retelling of Sade's Juliette. The English Minute An article in The Independent, a British online newspaper, gives contrasting views: the French novelist Pierre Guyotat said, "Sade is, in a way, our Shakespeare. At Court, precedence was by seniority and royal favor, not title. (2013). For example, in the final episode of the television series Friday the 13th: The Series, Micki, the female protagonist, travels back in time and ends up being imprisoned and tortured by Sade. Through the unreleased passions of his libertines, Sade wished to shake the world at its core. He initially adapted the new political order after the revolution, supported the Republic,[23] called himself "Citizen Sade", and managed to obtain several official positions despite his aristocratic background. Palmer's depiction of 25th century Earth relies heavily on the philosophies and prominent figureheads of the Enlightenment, such as Voltaire and Denis Diderot in addition to Sade, and in the book the narrator Mycroft, after showing his fictional "reader" a sex scene formulated off of Sade's own, takes this imaginary reader's indignation as an opportunity to delve into Sade's ideas. [2] His youngest son, the Marquis Thibault de Sade, has continued the collaboration. Help WordReference: Ask in the forums yourself. Freund, K., & Blanchard, R. (1986). De Sade was incarcerated in various prisons and an insane asylum for about 32 years of his life: 11 years in Paris (10 of which were spent in the Bastille), a month in the Conciergerie, two years in a fortress, a year in Madelonnettes Convent, three years in Bicêtre Asylum, a year in Sainte-Pélagie Prison, and 12 years in the Charenton Asylum. At his chateau at Arcueil, Sade ripped her clothes off, threw her on a divan and tied her by the four limbs, face-down, so that she could not see behind her. There have also been numerous film adaptions of his work, the most notable being Pasolini's Salò, an adaptation of de Sade's infamous book, The 120 Days of Sodom. His wife obtained a divorce soon afterwards. Several prostitutes there complained about mistreatment by him and he was put under surveillance by the police, who made detailed reports of his activities. Estoy seguro de que todos le echaremos de menos. According to Donald Thomas, who has written a biography on Sade, Brady and Hindley had read very little of Sade's actual work; the only book of his they possessed was an anthology of excerpts that included none of his most extreme writings. [32], In his doctoral thesis G. T. Roche, a New Zealand philosopher, argued that Sade, contrary to what some have claimed, did indeed express a specific philosophical worldview. [10] After twenty months of training, on 14 December 1755, at age 15, Sade was commissioned as a sub-lieutenant, becoming a soldier. For the 1969 film, see, Portrait of Donatien Alphonse François de Sade by, Significant civil and political events by year, Return to freedom, delegate to the National Convention, and imprisonment. [9] On the other hand, the French hedonist philosopher Michel Onfray has attacked this interest in de Sade, writing that "It is intellectually bizarre to make Sade a hero. His behavior also included an affair with his wife's sister, Anne-Prospère, who had come to live at the castle. Donatien Alphonse François, Marquis de Sade (French: [dɔnasjɛ alfɔ z fʁɑ swa, maʁki də sad]; 2 June 1740 – 2 December 1814), was a French nobleman, revolutionary politician, philosopher, and writer, famous for his libertine sexuality.. He theorized that the adversity of the period had rightfully caused Gothic writers to "look to hell for help in composing their alluring novels." Translate El opuesto de triste. In reading it, may the world discover how great is the peril which follows the footsteps of those who will stop at nothing to satisfy their desires. Alternating title usage indicates that titular hierarchy (below duc et pair) was notional; theoretically, the marquis title was granted to noblemen owning several countships, but its use by men of dubious lineage caused its disrepute. But while he sought this separation he believed the Gothic played a necessary role in society and discussed its roots and its uses. In 1796, now completely destitute, he had to sell his ruined castle in Lacoste. During Sade's time of freedom, beginning in 1790, he published several of his books anonymously. Sade was celebrated in surrealist periodicals, and feted by figures such as Guillaume Apollinaire, Paul Éluard, and Maurice Heine; Man Ray admired Sade because he and other surrealists viewed him as an ideal of freedom. [54], Many assume that Sade's criticism of the Gothic novel is a reflection of his frustration with sweeping interpretations of works like Justine. In 1777, the father of one of those employees went to Lacoste to claim his daughter, and attempted to shoot the Marquis at point-blank range, but the gun misfired. In his lifetime some of these were published under his own name while others, which de Sade denied having written, appeared anonymously. There continues to be a fascination with de Sade among scholars and in popular culture. [17] As well as the manuscripts they retain, others are held in universities and libraries. He also criticizes Sade's views, seeing in the last (along with blaming the Jews for creating the "weak" religion Christianity) a precursor to Adolf Hitler's philosophy (though also not claiming a direct link, i.e. Constance, pretending to be his relative, was allowed to live with him at Charenton. The storming of the Bastille, a major event of the French Revolution, occurred ten days after Sade left, on 14 July. He has also been seen as a precursor of Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis in his focus on sexuality as a motive force. On the other hand, it could be argued that Sade's sexually explicit works were a medium for the articulation but also for the exposure of the corrupt and hypocritical values of the elite in his society, and that it was primarily this inconvenient and embarrassing satire that led to his long-term detention. That is sad, but well said. His skull was later removed from the grave for phrenological examination. Despite his celebration of The Monk, Sade believed that there was not a single Gothic novel that had been able to overcome these problems, and that a Gothic novel that did would be universally regarded for its excellence in fiction. [2], Beginning in 1763, Sade lived mainly in or near Paris. Guins, Raiford, and Cruz, Omayra Zaragoza, 2005. There is blood, banditti, corpses, and of course insatiable lust. [33], Sexual sadism disorder, a mental condition named after Sade, has been defined as experiencing sexual arousal in response to extreme pain, suffering or humiliation done non-consensually to others (as described in Sade's novels). The lettre de cachet would later prove disastrous for the marquis.[21]. In its portrayal of conventional moralities it is something of a departure from the erotic cruelties and moral ironies that dominate his libertine works. [48] The first Manifesto of Surrealism (1924) announced that "Sade is surrealist in sadism", and extracts of the original draft of Justine were published in Le Surréalisme au service de la révolution. See Google Translate's machine translation of 'sadly'. With 120 Days, for example, Sade wished to present "the most impure tale that has ever been written since the world exists. Pier Paolo Pasolini filmed Salò, or the 120 Days of Sodom (1975), [2] He kept a group of young employees at the chateau, most of whom complained about molestation and quickly left his service. [9] In modern culture his works are simultaneously viewed as masterful analyses of how power and economics work, and as erotica. In January 1767, his father died. sadly adv adverb : Describes a verb, adjective, adverb, or clause--for example, "come quickly ," " very rare," "happening now ," "fall down ." See Spanish-English translations with audio pronunciations, examples, and word-by-word explanations. Because of the damage done to his estate in Lacoste, which was sacked in 1789 by an angry mob, he moved to Paris. Geoffrey Gorer, an English anthropologist and author (1905–1985), wrote one of the earliest books on Sade, entitled The Revolutionary Ideas of the Marquis de Sade in 1935. To have a character like Justine, who is stripped without ceremony and bound to a wheel for fondling and thrashing, would be unthinkable in the domestic Gothic fiction written for the bourgeoisie. [2] In 1774, Sade trapped six children, including one boy, in his chateau for six weeks during which time he subjected them to abuse, which his wife allowed. These include Peter Weiss's play Marat/Sade, a fantasia extrapolating from the fact that Sade directed plays performed by his fellow inmates at the Charenton asylum. The Sade family were noblesse d'épée, claiming at the time the oldest, Frank-descended nobility, so assuming a noble title without a King's grant, was customarily de rigueur. The men of the Sade family alternated between using the marquis and comte (count) titles. He was a member of the Piques section, notorious for its radical views. Keller finally escaped by climbing out of a second-floor window and running away. His opinions on sexual violence, sadism, and pedophilia stunned even those contemporaries of Sade who were quite familiar with the dark themes of the Gothic novel during its popularity in the late 18th century. Support us today by going Premium Sade later hid at Lacoste where he rejoined his wife, who became an accomplice in his subsequent endeavors. It was during this time he wrote Voyage d'Italie. We're here to support your language learning goals. short - corto (de medida) happy - feliz sad - triste angry - enojado calm - tranquilo Video Ve un video de "The English Minute" que muestra como decir los opuestos en inglés. An example is "Eugénie de Franval", a tale of incest and retribution. He was his parents' only surviving child. [29], In his 1988 Political Theory and Modernity, William E. Connolly analyzes Sade's Philosophy in the Bedroom as an argument against earlier political philosophers, notably Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Thomas Hobbes, and their attempts to reconcile nature, reason, and virtue as bases of ordered society. Raengo, Alessandra, and Stam, Robert, 2005, "Power Lunch with social critic Lydia Lunch", "Marquis de Sade: rebel, pervert, rapist...hero? A substantial number were destroyed after Sade's death at the instigation of his son, Donatien-Claude-Armand. Traduce lo opuesto de triste. [27][28] A similarity to the later philosophy of Max Stirner and Friedrich Nietzsche along with Nazi ideology has also been claimed, although it is admitted that no evidence exists for the Nazis being directly inspired by De Sade (Nietzsche however didn't read him). [10] While at the school, he was tutored by Abbé Jacques-François Amblet, a priest. Within his objections to the lack of verisimilitude in the Gothic may have been an attempt to present his own work as the better representation of the whole nature of man. [6][7] He claimed to be a proponent of absolute freedom, unrestrained by morality, religion, or law. These instructions were not followed; he was buried at Charenton. Sade was unable to retrieve the manuscript before being removed from the prison. Tom said I looked very sad. Discussions about 'sadly' in the English Only forum, ⓘ One or more forum threads is an exact match of your searched term, Dispose of but sadly & Global warming is all my fault, a sad reflection on our society VS. sadly, to be blamed on, How sadly hath the Lord testified against you, The flowers in the bride's hand are sadly like. Similarly, Camille Paglia[30] argued that Sade can be best understood as a satirist, responding "point by point" to Rousseau's claims that society inhibits and corrupts mankind's innate goodness: Paglia notes that Sade wrote in the aftermath of the French Revolution, when Rousseauist Jacobins instituted the bloody Reign of Terror and Rousseau's predictions were brutally disproved. In 1809, new police orders put Sade into solitary confinement and deprived him of pens and paper. De Sade was born on 2 June 1740, in the Hôtel de Condé, Paris, to Jean Baptiste François Joseph, Count de Sade and Marie Eléonore de Maillé de Carman, distant cousin and Lady-in-waiting to the Princess of Condé. [50] In literature, Sade is referenced in several stories by horror and science fiction writer (and author of Psycho) Robert Bloch, while Polish science fiction author Stanisław Lem wrote an essay analyzing the game theory arguments appearing in Sade's Justine. [2] Coulmier's novel approaches to psychotherapy attracted much opposition. [28] However, he has also said Sade's views cannot be blamed on Enlightenment philosophy nor inspired the Holocaust, contra Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer in their work Dialectic of Enlightenment (rather, he associates both of them with the emerging Counter-Enlightenment, seeing similarities here to Friedrich Nietzsche's philosophy too), while also elucidating differences Sade had from Nazis' views. The concept of courtship disorder. In 1784, Vincennes was closed, and Sade was transferred to the Bastille. Sade held the work of writers Matthew Lewis and Ann Radcliffe high above other Gothic authors, praising the brilliant imagination of Radcliffe and pointing to Lewis' The Monk as without question the genre's best achievement. Is something important missing? Even according to his most hero-worshipping biographers, this man was a sexual delinquent".[6]. [55] Moreover, it is believed that Sade praised The Monk (which displays Ambrosio's sacrifice of his humanity to his unrelenting sexual appetite) as the best Gothic novel chiefly because its themes were the closest to those within his own work. One chapter of her book Pornography: Men Possessing Women (1979) is devoted to an analysis of Sade. In Sade's youth, his father abandoned the family; his mother joined a convent. Sadly, Dave will be leaving us at the end of the month to join another company; I'm sure we will all miss him. Become a WordReference Supporter to view the site ad-free. Often Sade himself has been depicted in American popular culture less as a revolutionary or even as a libertine and more akin to a sadistic, tyrannical villain. Ver traducciones en inglés y español con pronunciaciones de audio, ejemplos y traducciones palabra por palabra. Keller testified that he made various incisions on her body into which he poured hot wax, although investigators found no broken skin on Keller, and Sade explained that he had applied ointment to her after the whipping. Estoy seguro de que todos le echaremos de menos. Later that year, Sade was tricked into going to Paris to visit his supposedly ill mother, who in fact had recently died. He successfully appealed his death sentence in 1778 but remained imprisoned under the lettre de cachet. [41], Serial killer Ian Brady, who with Myra Hindley carried out torture and murder of children known as the Moors murders in England during the 1960s, was fascinated by Sade, and the suggestion was made at their trial and appeals[42] that the tortures of the children (the screams and pleadings of whom they tape-recorded) were influenced by Sade's ideas and fantasies. In 1801, Napoleon Bonaparte ordered the arrest of the anonymous author of Justine and Juliette. [2] Sade was arrested at his publisher's office and imprisoned without trial; first in the Sainte-Pélagie Prison and, following allegations that he had tried to seduce young fellow prisoners there, in the harsh Bicêtre Asylum. [18], Sade lived a scandalous libertine existence and repeatedly procured young prostitutes as well as employees of both sexes in his castle in Lacoste. There is father-and-son correspondence, wherein father addresses son as marquis. Four years later, in 1772, Sade committed further acts with four prostitutes and his manservant, Latour. [45], In Philosophy in the Bedroom Sade proposed the use of induced abortion for social reasons and population control, marking the first time the subject had been discussed in public. These works challenge traditional perceptions of sexuality, religion, law, age, and gender. Quills, inspired by Sade's imprisonment and battles with the censorship in his society,[48] portrays him (Geoffrey Rush) as a literary freedom fighter who is a martyr to the cause of free expression. [15] At this stage, he was becoming publicly critical of Maximilien Robespierre and, on 5 December, he was removed from his posts, accused of moderatism, and imprisoned for almost a year. Lista de opuestos en inglés con su traducción al español. [59][60] The repetitive and obsessive nature of the account of Justine's abuse and frustration in her strivings to be a good Christian living a virtuous and pure life may on a superficial reading seem tediously excessive. Compared to works like Justine, here Sade is relatively tame, as overt eroticism and torture is subtracted for a more psychological approach. Aqui podrás aprender inglés rápido, con todas las lecciones, y otros recursos básicos e intermedios, audios, vídeos, lecturas traducidas, letras de canciones, etc. His works include novels, short stories, plays, dialogues, and political tracts. He was also accused of blasphemy, which was considered a serious offense. Similarly, psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan posited in his 1963 essay Kant avec Sade that Sade's ethics was the complementary completion of the categorical imperative originally formulated by Immanuel Kant. He met Marie-Constance Quesnet, a former actress with a six-year-old son, who had been abandoned by her husband. While these works focus on the dark side of human nature, the magic and phantasmagoria that dominates the Gothic is noticeably absent and is the primary reason these works are not considered to fit the genre.[57]. "[58] Despite his literary attempts at evil, his characters and stories often fell into repetition of sexual acts and philosophical justifications. This lasted some four years, until his death in 1814. Sade was forced to flee to Italy once again. Sinónimo sad inglés, significado, diccionario inglés de sinónimos, consulte también 'sadden',saddle',shady',shade', ejemplos, conjugación 1 adj If you are sad, you feel unhappy, usually because something has happened that you do not like. On the second view he becomes a symbol of the artist's struggle with the censor and that of the moral philosopher with the constraints of conventional morality. He wrote several political pamphlets, in which he called for the implementation of direct vote. The words sadism and sadist are derived from his name.[8]. His ex-wife and children had agreed to pay his pension there. Many, however, were lost in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The family have also claimed a trademark on the name. Suffering is the primary rule, as in these novels one must often decide between sympathizing with the torturer or the victim. [2] Desafortunadamente, Dave nos dejará a finales de mes para incorporarse a otra empresa. Sade even contrives a kind of affection between Justine and her tormentors, suggesting shades of masochism in his heroine. In 1969, American International Films released a German-made production called de Sade, with Keir Dullea in the title role. His grandfather, Gaspard François de Sade, was the first to use marquis;[14] occasionally, he was the Marquis de Sade, but is identified in documents as the Marquis de Mazan. "Simply follow nature, Rousseau declares. He wrote that the Gothic novel was a perfectly natural, predictable consequence of the revolutionary sentiments in Europe. Similarly, Susan Sontag defended both Sade and Georges Bataille's Histoire de l'œil (Story of the Eye) in her essay "The Pornographic Imagination" (1967) on the basis their works were transgressive texts, and argued that neither should be censored. Then he whipped her. This place makes me sad. [53] Sade is a 2000 French film directed by Benoît Jacquot starring Daniel Auteuil as the Marquis de Sade, which was adapted by Jacques Fieschi and Bernard Minoret from the novel La terreur dans le boudoir by Serge Bramly. It is not known why Saint-Maximin chose to bring the manuscript to safety, nor indeed is anything else about him known. [48] But Sade's life was lived in flat contradiction and breach of Kant's injunction to treat others as ends in themselves and never merely as means to an agent's own ends. [20] La Présidente, Sade's mother-in-law, obtained a lettre de cachet (a royal order of arrest and imprisonment, without stated cause or access to the courts) from the King, protecting Sade from the jurisdiction of the courts. He became infamous for his numerous sexual crimes and abuse against young men, women, and children. [39] Sade's notions on strength and weakness and good and evil, such as the "equilibrium" of good and evil in the world required by Nature which the monk Clément mentions in Justine,[40] may have also been a considerable influence on Friedrich Nietzsche, particularly concerning the views on good and evil in Nietzsche's On the Genealogy of Morality (1887). I feel sad, but I don't know why. It is distinct from situations where consenting individuals use mild or simulated pain or humiliation for sexual excitement. [12] After thirteen months as a sub-lieutenant, he was commissioned to the rank of cornet in the Brigade de S. André of the Comte de Provence's Carbine Regiment. [15] He subsequently discovered a store of Sade's papers in the family château at Condé-en-Brie, and worked with scholars for decades to enable their publication. In 1813, the government ordered Coulmier to suspend all theatrical performances. ", "Quand le marquis de Sade entre dans l'ère du marketing", "The Life and Times of the Marquis de Sade", Sexual Personae: Art and Decadence from Nefertiti to Emily Dickinson, "Much Sense the Starkest Madness: Sade's Moral Scepticism", https://home.isi.org/dostoevsky-vs-marquis-de-sade, "Max Stirner – The Successor of the Marquis de Sade, Maurice Schuhmann", "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography", "The Myra Hindley Case: 'Brady told me that I would be in a grave too if I backed out, "The Marquis de Sade and induced abortion", "Foucault, Sade and Enlightenment: what Interests us to know of this Relationship? Sade's life and works have been the subject of numerous fictional plays, films, pornographic or erotic drawings, etchings, and more. There have been many and varied references to the Marquis de Sade in popular culture, including fictional works and biographies. Luis Buñuel's L'Âge d'Or (1930), the final segment of which provides a coda to 120 Days of Sodom, with the four debauched noblemen emerging from their mountain retreat. ", "Twenty-Two Answers and Two Postscripts: An Interview with Stanislaw Lem", Dialogue Between a Priest and a Dying Man, Histoire secrete d'Isabelle de Baviere, reine de France, Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany, Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick, Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen, François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau, Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth, Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau, List of people associated with the French Revolution, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marquis_de_Sade&oldid=986370788, 18th-century French dramatists and playwrights, 19th-century French dramatists and playwrights, Deputies to the French National Convention, People prosecuted under anti-homosexuality laws, French military personnel of the Seven Years' War, Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using infobox philosopher with embed equal yes, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Donatien Claude Armand de Sade (1769–1847), Jean Baptiste François Joseph, Comte de Sade (father), Marie Eléonore de Maillé de Carman (mother), This page was last edited on 31 October 2020, at 12:30. The eponym of the psychological and subcultural term sadism, his name is used variously to evoke sexual violence, licentiousness, and freedom of speech. You seemed really sad. [11] He was raised by servants who indulged "his every whim," which led to his becoming "known as a rebellious and spoiled child with an ever-growing temper. The philosopher of egoist anarchism, Max Stirner, is also speculated to have been influenced by Sade's work. The surrealists admired him as one of their forerunners, and Guillaume Apollinaire famously called him "the freest spirit that has yet existed".[26]. Descriptions in Justine seem to anticipate Radcliffe's scenery in The Mysteries of Udolpho and the vaults in The Italian, but, unlike these stories, there is no escape for Sade's virtuous heroine, Justine. (in a sad … The two men were sentenced to death in absentia for sodomy and the poisoning. [12] He eventually became Colonel of a Dragoon regiment and fought in the Seven Years' War. Many of his works were written in prison. Pierre Klossowski, in his 1947 book Sade Mon Prochain ("Sade My Neighbour"), analyzes Sade's philosophy as a precursor of nihilism, negating Christian values and the materialism of the Enlightenment. While not personally depicted, Sade's writings feature prominently in the novel Too Like the Lightning, first book in the Terra Ignota sequence written by Ada Palmer. Sade's use of pornographic devices to create provocative works that subvert the prevailing moral values of his time inspired many other artists in a variety of media. [18], The first major scandal occurred on Easter Sunday in 1768, in which Sade procured the services of a woman, Rose Keller,[19] a widow-beggar who approached him for alms. In The Crimes of Love, subtitled "Heroic and Tragic Tales", Sade combines romance and horror, employing several Gothic tropes for dramatic purposes. Unlike the milder Gothic fiction of Radcliffe, Sade's protagonist is brutalized throughout and dies tragically. In 1790, Sade was released from Charenton after the new National Constituent Assembly abolished the instrument of lettre de cachet. Numerous writers and artists, especially those concerned with sexuality, have been both repelled and fascinated by Sade. The cruelties depicted in his works gave rise to the concept of sadism. It opens with a domesticated approach: To enlighten mankind and improve its morals is the only lesson which we offer in this story. Sade's works have to this day been kept alive by certain artists and intellectuals because they themselves espouse a philosophy of extreme individualism. [34] Other terms have been used to describe the condition, which may overlap with other sexual preferences that also involve inflicting pain.